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Understanding audio amplification classes

Posté le 2023-11-10 Tutorials & Guides, Guides 2833

Understanding audio amplification classes

In audio, an amplifier's class allows it to be categorized according to the characteristics of its output stage. Elements such as transistor or tube polarization, the proportion of input signal used, or conduction time will vary this class.

These classes thus provide general information on how an amplifier works. Please note, however, that this categorization is not intended to rank amplifiers in order of importance, as each class has its own advantages. What's more, an amplifier's sound is not only determined by its class. The entire design of the device varies the sound signature. So it's best to consider the amplifier as a whole, and above all, to rely on your ear and personal sensitivity.

Table of contents

Class A

In a Class A amplifier, the transistors in the power stage are in constant operation, using 100% of the available energy and dissipating constant power. This design has the advantage of limiting the level of distortion for precise, musical reproduction, to the detriment of efficiency, which is barely 25%. As a result, part of the energy received is lost and dissipated in the form of heat. These models therefore generally have limited output power, a large power supply stage and are equipped with heat sinks for efficient heat dissipation.

Some references for Class A amplifiers:

Tonewinner AD-1PA+ Amplificateur Class A

Class B

Much less used in HiFi, class B uses only 50% of the available energy, creating a higher efficiency than class A, of the order of 50%, but also with a much higher level of distortion. To reduce distortion, Class B is often used in push-pull circuits. This type of circuit uses at least two transistors, each handling one half of the signal. However, while this arrangement offers high efficiency, it can also generate crossover distortion due to signal discontinuity.

Class AB

A true compromise between class A and class B, class AB places its resting point between those of classes A and B. This architecture enables Class AB to operate in Class A for low-amplitude signals, and to switch to Class B for high-amplitude signals. The result is excellent distortion performance and high efficiency.

Class AB amplifiers often use push-pull circuitry to reduce distortion. However, this can be a disadvantage when amplifying high amplitude signals. Indeed, as the current gain is not constant in this type of configuration, this variation can generate high-frequency distortion, often signified by a slightly more aggressive sound, particularly when listening at high volume.

Some Class AB amplifier references:

Class D

Contrary to popular belief, Class D amplifiers are not digital (and D is not an abbreviation of Digital). Class D amplifiers don't operate linearly like other amplifiers, but use power components like switches that are either saturated or blocked.

This operation introduces the principles of pulse-width modulation (PWM), pulse-density modulation or more complex systems such as Delta Sigma modulation. The input signal is chopped, i.e. converted into numerous pulses of different lengths, proportional to the amplitude of the source signal at a given time T.

This design offers numerous advantages, and is gaining increasing ground in the audio amplification and HiFi markets. In fact, Class D amplifiers boast high efficiency, of the order of 80-90%, while delivering high-precision sound. The result is compact, high-performance amplifiers that don't require a large power supply and ample heat dissipation.

Quelques références d'amplificateurs Class D:

Audiophonics HPA-S600NCX Amplificateur Class D

Class H

Class H amplifiers are mainly found in the professional world, where high power is required. In this type of amplification, the supply voltage is modulated by the input signal (and is therefore not constant), so that the output voltage is always slightly higher than required. In this way, a large energy reserve is available at all times to respond to major power requirements. Generally speaking, the supply voltage is modulated by a Class D amplifier.

The weak point of this type of amplification lies in the possible distortion at mid-volume if the amplifier has to switch between different supply voltages.

Class T

Class T is actually a TriPath trademark. It's an amplification system based on a Class D circuit operating at a precise frequency of 650kHz and equipped with a proprietary modulation method. This type of amplification uses a single chip. While this makes for inexpensive, compact devices, it does not enable extremely high power levels to be achieved. What's more, this type of equipment is tending to disappear as the brand goes bankrupt.

The special case of FDAs

FDA amplifiers for Full Digital Amplifier are based on fully digital operation. In these designs, digital-to-analog conversion only takes place at the last stage, before output to the terminals. As a result, these models benefit from a particularly short circuit from input to output. Amplification and signal processing are thus carried out directly in digital form, favoring sonic precision and limiting distortion. FDA models are perfectly suited to modern applications, i.e. the use of streaming audio platforms, dematerialized files or any current digital source. What's more, they are often compact and affordable.

Some FDA amplifier references: